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The patella, or knee cap, should be located in the centre of the knee joint. The term "luxating" means out of place or dislocated.
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Lyme disease (not Lyme's disease) is caused by a spirochete called Borrelia. It is transmitted to dogs through the bite of a tick.
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Cancer of the cells of the lymph nodes (lymphoma, lymphosarcoma) has to be distinguished from other causes of lymph node swelling by histopathology. Some types of cancer are slower growing than others but all are potentially life-threatening.
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Bacterial overgrowth, or, more correctly, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition of the small intestine resulting in largely increased numbers of bowel bacteria.
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This is a tumour originating from the mammary gland tissues that has been classified as malignant (invasive and capable of spread). Although some of these cancers are cured by surgical removal, others recur and some spread to other parts of the body (metastasis).
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This is a tumour originating from the dog's mast cells. These tumours include both benign (relatively harmless) and highly malignant (more dangerous and spreading) types.
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There are two main types of internal (visceral) mast cell tumours, one originating in the blood forming (haemopoietic) organs, such as the spleen and bone marrow, and the other originating in the gut (usually the intestine but occasionally the stomach).
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This condition results from dilation or paralysis of the oesophagus or tube which connects the mouth with the stomach. There is also an inability of the oesophagus to contract and push the swallowed food into the stomach.
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Melanocytes are cells that produce a pigment called melanin. They are found in many parts of the body where there is pigment, particularly skin, hair and eyes.
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Squamous cell carcinoma in situ is a disordered growth of the skin epidermis which may extend to include epithelium of the upper part of the hair follicles.
