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  • Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. This medication may be used to treat high blood pressure and as a vasodilator in the treatment of heart failure.

  • Tumours of the cortex of the adrenal glands may be overgrowths (hyperplasias) or benign (non-spreading) or malignant (spreading) cancers. Usually they are producing hormones that will have secondary clinical effects elsewhere in the body.

  • Tumours of the medulla of the adrenal glands may be hyperplasias (non-cancerous cell overgrowths) or be cancerous. Few are diagnosed until late in the disease because, unlike tumours of the adrenal cortex, medullary tumours do not produce clinical signs.

  • Endoparasiticides are also called anthelmintics or wormers. These medicines are used to control roundworms (nematodes) in dogs, cats and rabbits and tapeworms (cestodes) in dogs and cats.

  • The herb Ephedra, known in Chinese medicine as Ma Huang, comes from the plant species Ephedra sinica and Ephedra equisetina.

  • Today many forms of epilepsy in our pets can be successfully controlled by the use of anticonvulsant drugs. These are often needed for long periods of time, usually for life and can have side effects.

  • Essential fatty acids (EFAs) have an anti-inflammatory effect and are used in the treatment of allergic skin conditions. They may be used alone or with other medicines.

  • Oestriol is a natural oestrogen. Oestrogens tighten the bladder sphincter. Oestriol is used for the treatment of hormone-dependent urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs.

  • Etamiphylline is used to relieve coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and troubled breathing. The medication works by opening up the air passages of the lungs and increasing the amount of air flowing into the lungs.

  • Ethyloestrenol is an anabolic steroid. Anabolic steroids are synthetic forms of the male hormone testosterone.