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  • This is a tick borne disease caused by certain bacteria (Rickettsiae) that invade circulating white blood cells.

  • An ECG is an electrocardiogram. When any irregularity of the rhythm of the heart beat is detected on clinical examination, using a stethoscope, the veterinarian may suggest an ECG.

  • Elizabethan collars are applied to prevent your dog interfering with any wound or dressings. It is natural for dogs to lick their wounds but this can seriously delay healing and can result in infection.

  • Emodepside is used to control roundworms. It is available as a combination spot-on product for endoparasites.

  • Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. This medication may be used to treat high blood pressure and as a vasodilator in the treatment of heart failure.

  • Tumours of the cortex of the adrenal glands may be overgrowths (hyperplasias) or benign (non-spreading) or malignant (spreading) cancers. Usually they are producing hormones that will have secondary clinical effects elsewhere in the body.

  • Tumours of the medulla of the adrenal glands may be hyperplasias (non-cancerous cell overgrowths) or be cancerous. Few are diagnosed until late in the disease because, unlike tumours of the adrenal cortex, medullary tumours do not produce clinical signs.

  • Endoparasiticides are also called anthelmintics or wormers. These medicines are used to control roundworms (nematodes) in dogs, cats and rabbits and tapeworms (cestodes) in dogs and cats.

  • An endoscope is essentially a miniature telescope involving modern fibre optics. Endoscopes can be used for the direct visual inspection (and photography) of any hollow organ or body cavity.

  • The herb Ephedra, known in Chinese medicine as Ma Huang, comes from the plant species Ephedra sinica and Ephedra equisetina.